Cell signalling and biological communication at the biomaterial–tissue interface: implications for implant integration and drug delivery

Review

Authors:
Djordje Milosevic  0009-0007-9932-3414 
Marija Branković   0009-0003-5228-4172
Tamara Bošković   0009-0006-8038-886X
Mihailo Jovanović  0009-0003-1640-7737
Fatima Živić  0000-0003-2509-187X

DOI: 10.46793/KgJSci2601015M

Volume: 48  |  Issue: 1  |  Year: 2026  |  Pages: 15-34

ABSTRACT:

This review presents the interconnected roles of biointerfaces, cell signalling, and biological communication in implant biocompatibility and integration with surrounding tissues. Special focus is given to cell signalling pathways in the immune and nervous systems, as these mechanisms are central to cellular communication and implant acceptance. Key aspects discussed include the roles of signalling molecules, extracellular and intracellular communication, and how engineered biomaterial surfaces can promote tissue healing or, conversely, trigger foreign body responses and implant rejection. Surface modification is emphasized as a strategy to enhance immune compatibility and improve implant performance. Clinical translation is illustrated through spinal graft preparation, highlighting the importance of surface engineering in surgery. Despite advances, the design of bioactive implants that actively support healing remains challenging. Current limitations include insufficient understanding of cell–material interactions, including patient-specific responses. Future directions point toward smart implants capable of real-time sensing, adaptive responses, and integration with regenerative medicine approaches.

Keywords: biomaterials; cell signalling; biointerfaces; implant integration; foreign body response; tissue regeneration; biocompatibility. 

This work is licensed under CC BY 4.0